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DESCRIPTION OF THE DATASETS

Dataset contains mechanical and heat generation data for two different drill systems; 
(i) MIPS, a 3 step drilling procedure performed using two different drills; "MIPS GD" and "MIPS WD" and
(ii) MONO, a one-step drilling procedure

Further, the data contains Raman spectroscopy data obtained
(i) in close vicinity to the drill tract
(ii) from bone dust generated when drilling

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FILE: Ex_vivo_drill_mechanics.xlsx

Description:
Mechanical data  was obtained when drilling in cow bone tibia whereas the heat generation is measured when drilling in artificial bone (Sawbones, 50 pcf).
Contains mechanical data gathered is Thrust Force and Torque as a function of drilling depth. Drilling was performed at three different feed rates 0.5 mm/s, 1 mm/s and 2 mm/s and a constant rotational speed of 2,000 rpm. Five drilling sequences were recorded for two individual sets of drills, resulting in a total of 10 measurements for each combination of drill, substrate, and feed rate.

File contains one tab for each combination of drill bit and feed rate and one summary tab with mean data.

From Thrust Force and Torque as a function of drilling depth the following parameters are calculated in the xls sheets:
MEAN Force [N]
MEAN peak Force [N]
MEAN torque [Nmm]
MEAN peak Torque [Nmm]
MEAN Rotational power [Nm/s]
MEAN Thrust power [Nm/s]
MEAN Drill power [Nm/s
MEAN Drill energy [Nm]

SD=standard deviation

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FILE: Heat_generation.xlsx

Description:
Measured temperature increase [degrees centigrade] obtained when drilling in artificial bone (Sawbones, 50 pcf) with MIPS and MONO at different conditions.


Five distinct drilling procedures were defined (DP1-DP5) to simulate various clinical scenarios in the assumed order of increased heat generation resulting from deviations from the recommended standard procedure in terms of irrigation efficiency and duration of the drilling sequence.
- DP1. The samples were drilled according to the recommended standard procedure with irrigation provided. Here, tap water (22 °C) was manually perfused with a 20-cc syringe. The cannula was prefilled with water before the drill was inserted, with continuous irrigation during each drilling sequence and flushing of the osteotomy after the drill bit was removed from the site.
- DP2. Like in DP1, the cannula is filled with water prior to each drill step, but continuous irrigation during the drilling and flushing of the osteotomy after drilling are not conducted.
- DP3. Like in DP1, but additionally each drill is left idling during the osteotomy (rotating at 2,000 rpm) for approximately two seconds after it reaches its full depth.
- DP4. Combination of idling (DP2) and reduced irrigation (DP3).
- DP5: As a final worst-case (positive control) condition, drilling is performed without any irrigation.

Drilling was performed at 3 different feed rates:
(i) Manual drilling by an operator
(ii) Controlled feed rate at 0.5 mm/s 
(iii) Controlled feed rate at 2 mm/s 

Pos A, Pos B, Pos C and Pos D represents position of the 4 different thermocouples places 0.5 mm from the final drill tract. See image in spreadsheet.

n=10 drillings were performed for each combination.

Mean heat increase per position and across all 4 positions are calculated
SD=standard deviation

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FILE: Bone_cubes.xlsx

Description:
Micro-Raman spectroscopy was performed using a confocal Raman microscope (Renishaw inVia Qontor) equipped with a 633 nm laser. The laser was focused down on to sample surface using a ×50 objective. The Raman scattered light was collected using a Peltier cooled CCD deep depletion NIR enhanced detector, behind a 2400 g mm-1 grating. The laser power at the sample was ~ 15 mW. Background subtraction and cosmic ray removal were performed using intelligent spline fitting in Renishaw WiRE 5.4 software. 

The composition of the bone in the vicinity of the drilled cavity was determined at four discrete points. The first two analyses (ID 1 and 3, in) were obtained in close proximity to the surface of the osteotomy, approximately 10–20 micrometer from the drill tract at least 2 mm apart from each other vertically. The remaining two points (ID 2 and 4, out) were positioned 490–500 micrometer from the first set, similar to the first group, which had a distance of at least 2 mm. For each combination of drill system (MONO and MIPS) and drilling protocols (DP1, DP4 and DP5), eight samples were analysed. At each of the four discrete positions, four acquisitions were made with an integration time of 20 seconds each. The wavenumber axis was adjusted so that the ν1 PO43- peaks in all the spectra corresponded to ~959 cm-1. The baseline-corrected spectra were then normalized using Plot (http://plot.micw.eu/) to show equal intensities of the ν1 PO43- band in all the spectra. Curve fitting was performed using mixed Gaussian and Lorentzian functions, and the integral areas were quantified using MagicPlot (www.magicplot.com).
Compositional parameters such as mineral crystallinity, which is taken as the inverse full width at half-maximum (1/FWHM) of the ν1 PO43- peak; the apatite-to-collagen ratio, also referred to as the mineral-to-matrix ratio (ν2 PO43-/Amide III) [48]; and the carbonate‒phosphate ratio (ν1 CO32-/ν1 PO43-) [49], were evaluated. The integral areas are as follows: ν1 PO43- (940–980 cm-1), Amide III (1210–1290 cm-1) and ν1 CO32- (1050–1080 cm-1).

mm=millimeter
cm=centimeter

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FILE: Bone_dust.xlsx

Description:
Raman spectroscopy data of the composition of the bone fragments generated when drilling. 
Eight samples from each drill system (MONO and MIPS) and three different protocols (DP1, DP4, and DP5) were utilized for analysis, with four acquisitions made at each position. The methodology and settings were the same as those used for bone cubes evaluation, as described above.  

- DP1: The samples were drilled according to the recommended standard procedure with irrigation provided. Here, tap water (22 °C) was manually perfused with a 20-cc syringe. The cannula was prefilled with water before the drill was inserted, with continuous irrigation during each drilling sequence and flushing of the osteotomy after the drill bit was removed from the site.
- DP4: Combination of idling (DP2) and reduced irrigation (DP3).
- DP5: As a final worst-case (positive control) condition, drilling is performed without any irrigation.




