# README-fil fr dataset: Klimathistorisk databas fr Sverige 1500-1870 (https://doi.org/10.5878/a731-9n75) 


Databasen innehller ett stort antal samtida beskrivningar fr perioden 15001870 frn olika typer av dokument  direkta observationer i dagbcker, kamerala notiser om verksamheter som har pverkats av vderfrhllanden, brevsamlingar, tidningsartiklar etc.  av vderfrhllanden i Sverige inom nuvarande grnser.


## Databasens filstruktur och innehll:

Databasen r samlad i ett kalkylark (xlsx). Samma information presenteras ocks i en semikolon-separerad textfil (csv) (teckenuppsttning: Western Europe, ISO-8859-15/EURO). Filstorlek: 1,6 MB (xlsx) och 4,1 MB (csv). Antalet filrader, inklusive rubrikrad, r 20896.

Utver sjlva datafilen innehller datasetet ocks en kllfrteckning i xlsx-format. Filen har tv blad: "Otryckta kllor" och "Bibliografi". Samma information presenteras ocks i tv komma-separerade csv-filer (teckenuppsttning: Western Europe, ISO-8859-15/EURO).

Den huvudsakliga filen med databasen innehller information i tta kolumner med fljande rubriker:

* r
* Mnad
* Dag
* Annan tidsangivelse
* Omrde
* Vder
* Klla
* Ytterligare hnvisning/information

Tidpunkten fr en vderobservation anges i kolumnerna "r", "Mnad" och "Dag". Nr informationen inte finns tillgnglig i detta format anvnds kolumnen "Annan tidsangivelse", t ex "Hsten" eller "Mellan 19/2 och 2/3". I vissa av dessa fall har koden 99 anvnts i kolumnen "Mnad".

Datumangivelserna fr hela tidsperioden 1500-1870 r tergivna i enlighet med den gregorianska kalendern och kan drfr avvika frn ursprungskllornas fr tiden fre r 1753, d den gregorianska kalendern infrdes i Sverige.

Kolumnen "Omrde" anger ett ortsnamn eller annat geografiskt omrde som en observation avser.

Beskrivningarna av vdret, och annan information som r relaterad till vdret, terfinns i kolumnen "Vder". Dessa beskrivningar bygger p svl samtida otryckta och tryckta kllor som p ldre eller modern litteratur. Information om konsekvenserna av olika slags vderfrhllanden fr mnniskorna har tagits med s lngt det varit mjligt. Det kan exempelvis handla om skrdeutfall, torka, versvmningar mm.

Kolumnen "Klla" anger en referens till det dokument dr informationen om vdret finns. Det kan vara antingen i en originalklla frn den tid d vderhndelsen skedde eller en senare klla. Om det senare finns ofta originalkllan angiven i kolumnen Ytterligare hnvisning/information. I vissa fall ges viss ytterligare relevant information frn aktuell klla i denna kolumn.

Kolumnen "Ytterligare hnvisning/information" anvnds i de fall d relevant kompletterande kllhnvisning eller annan information utver det som str i kolumnen "Klla" finns tillgnglig.


## Huvudsakliga kllor och insamlingsmetod:

Datainsamlingen utfrdes genom att systematiskt lsa igenom tillgngligt arkivmaterial och fr mnet relevant litteratur. Information som ansgs vara av klimathistoriskt vrde infrdes i databasen, antingen som ett citat eller i form av kommentarer, tillsammans med angivande av kllmaterialet till varje enskild post (rad) i databasen. Varje sdan post avser en mer eller mindre specifikt angiven geografisk plats och antingen ett specifikt datum eller en ungefrlig tidsrymd.

Data har insamlats lngs tre huvudfror: otryckt arkivmaterial, tryckta kllor samt litteratur.

Otryckt arkivmaterial har hmtats frmst frn Riksarkivet. Fr tiden 15001540 kommer data huvudsakligen frn databasen Svenskt diplomatariums huvudkartotek (Sdhk). Fr tiden drefter har data frn bland annat Riksregistraturet, en samling kopior av skrivelser som utgtt frn det kungliga kansliet, utnyttjats. tskilliga otryckta brev, dagbcker, rkenskaper och rapporter har ocks genomskts.

En srskilt omfattande enskild klla r Mrta Helena Reenstiernas (knd som rstafrun) dagbcker frn rsta Grd i Stockholm, skrivna under perioden 17931839 och frvarade i Nordiska museets arkiv. Dagbckerna innehller ett stort antal anteckningar om lokala vderfrhllanden. Mer n hlften av alla enskilda poster i databasen hrrr frn rstadagbckerna.

Tryckta kllor innefattar utgvor av kllskrifter som Gustav Vasas brev i 29 volymer. Dr finns ocks Vetenskapsakademiens handlingar som bland annat innehller meteorologiska observationer.

Kategorin litteratur rymmer en mngd lokalhistoriska framstllningar. Hr finns ocks tidiga frsk till klimathistoriska versikter och tolkningar. ven fretagshistorisk och militrhistorisk litteratur har anvnts.


## Primrforskarnas roller under databasens uppbyggnad

Huvuddelen av arbetet med uppbyggnad av databasen gjordes under perioden 20062010 av Johan Sderberg, Lotta Leijonhufvud, Dag Rets och Ulrica Sderlind vid ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, Stockholms universitet, under ledning av Johan Sderberg. Kurering av databasen infr publicering i SND utfrdes under 20192020 av Lotta Leijonhufvud i samarbete med Anders Moberg, institutionen fr naturgeografi, Stockholms universitet.

Tidigare, opublicerade, versioner av databasen har anvnts i fljande studier (se publikationslistan):

- Edvinsson et al. (2009). Vder, skrdar och priser i Sverige.
- Leijonhufuvud et al. (2010). Five centuries of Stockholm winter/spring temperatures reconstructed from documentary evidence and instrumental observations.
- Wetter et al. (2014). The year-long unprecedented European heat and drought of 1540  a worst case.
- Rets (2015). Documentary evidence of historical floods and extreme rainfall events in Sweden 14001800.




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# README file for dataset: Klimathistorisk databas fr Sverige 1500-1870 (https://doi.org/10.5878/a731-9n75) 


The database contains a large number of contemporary descriptions for the period 15001870 from various types of documents  direct observations in diaries, administrative notes on activities that have been affected by weather conditions, letter collections, newspaper articles, etc.  of weather conditions in Sweden within current borders.


## Database file structure and content:

The database is collected in a spreadsheet (xlsx). The same information is also presented in a semicolon-separated text file (csv) (character set: Western Europe, ISO-8859-15 / EURO). File size: 1.6 MB (xlsx) and 4.1 MB (csv). The number of file rows, including the title row, is 20896.

In addition to the data file itself, the dataset also contains a source list in xlsx format. The file has two pages: "Otryckta kllor" (unprinted sources) and "Bibliografi" (bibliography). The same information is also presented in two comma-separated csv files (character set: Western Europe, ISO-8859-15 / EURO).

The main database file contains information in eight columns with the following headings (here also translated to English):

* r (year)
* Mnad (month)
* Dag (day)
* Annan tidsangivelse (other time indication)
* Omrde (area)
* Vder (weather)
* Klla (source)
* Ytterligare hnvisning/information (additional reference / information)

The database main language is Swedish. Quotations of writings in old language are generally preserved as in their original spellings.

For a more detailed description of the database content, please see the Swedish data description.


## Main sources and collection method:

The data collection was performed by systematically reading through available archive material and literature relevant to the subject. Information that was considered to be of value for climate history was entered into the database, either as a quotation or in the form of comments, together with an indication of the source material for each individual item (row) in the database. Each such item refers to a more or less specified geographical location and either a specific date or an approximate time period.

Data have been collected along three main channels: unprinted archive material, printed sources and literature.

Unprinted archive material has been retrieved mainly from the National Archives. For the period 15001540, data comes mainly from the database of the "Svenskt diplomatariums huvudkartotek" (Sdhk) (Swedish diplomatarium's main file). For the time thereafter, data from, among others, the "Riksregistraturet" (national registry), a collection of copies of letters issued by the "kungliga kansliet" (royal chancellery), has been used. Several unprinted letters, diaries, accounts and reports have also been searched.

A particularly extensive individual source is Mrta Helena Reenstierna's (known as the rsta lady) diaries from rsta Grd in Stockholm, written during the period 17931839 and kept in the Nordic Museum's archives. These diaries contain a large number of notes on local weather conditions. More than half of all individual entries in the database originate from the rsta diaries.

Printed sources include editions of source publications such as Gustav Vasa's (King Gustav I of Sweden) letters in 29 volumes. There are also the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences' Transactions which, among other things, contain meteorological observations.

The category literature contains a number of local historical presentations. There are also early attempts at climate historical overviews and interpretations. Corporate history and military history literature have also been used.


## The roles of primary researchers during the construction of the database

The main part of the work with building up the database was done during the period 20062010 by Johan Sderberg, Lotta Leijonhufvud, Dag Rets and Ulrica Sderlind at the Department of Economic History, Stockholm University, under the leadership of Johan Sderberg. Curation of the database prior to publication in SND was carried out during 20192020 by Lotta Leijonhufvud in collaboration with Anders Moberg, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University.

Previous, unpublished, versions of the database have been used in the following studies (see list of publications):

- Edvinsson et al. (2009). Vder, skrdar och priser i Sverige.
- Leijonhufuvud et al. (2010). Five centuries of Stockholm winter/spring temperatures reconstructed from documentary evidence and instrumental observations.
- Wetter et al. (2014). The year-long unprecedented European heat and drought of 1540  a worst case.
- Rets (2015). Documentary evidence of historical floods and extreme rainfall events in Sweden 14001800.